The September 2019 attack on Saudi oil facilities was, in my view, one of the most important moments in recent Middle Eastern history. And for a region full of conflict and political upheaval, that’s saying something. Why? Because despite being such a brief, isolated attack using a mere 20 cruise missiles and a few drones, it has huge ramifications that change the course of Middle Eastern politics. In an unprecedentedly assertive fashion, Iran demonstrated 1) military capabilities its adversaries didn’t realize it had, 2) ability to strike at its adversaries directly, 3) willingness to strike its adversaries directly, 4) it set a precedent for similar attacks in the future, and most importantly, 5) exposed the US and Saudi Arabia as paper tigers that are unwilling to enter any major conflict in the near future.